If your code calls dipatch(SomeAwesomeJob::class)->afterResponse() instead of just dispatch(SomeAwesomeJob::class) to delay dispatching the job until after the HTTP response is sent to the user's browser here is how to test it in PHPUnit

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Bus;
use App\Jobs\SendNotification;

/** @test */
public function job_dispatched_after_response()
{
   Bus::fake();

   // Call the code that fire the dispatchAfterResponse method

   Bus::assertDispatchedAfterResponse(SendNotification::class); 

}

• Use Bus::fake() instead of Queue::fake()
• Call Bus::assertDispatchedAfterResponse() with the job that should have been dispatched

References

• Laravel Docs for dispatchAfterResponse
• Pull request on laravel/framework by Fabian Bettag

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